Arthropods from Praia da Vitória (Terceira, Azores, Portugal)

Paulo Alexandre Vieira Borges1, Rosalina Gabriel2, César M. M. Pimentel3, Mariana R. Brito3, Artur Raposo Moniz Serrano4, Luís Carlos Fonseca Crespo5, Volker Assing6, Peter Stüben7, Simone Fattorini8, Enésima P. Mendonça2, Elisabete Nogueira2

1 CE3C – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal; 2 CE3C – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal; 3 LIFE CWR, Praia da Vitória, Portugal; 4 CE3C – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Departamento de Biologia Animal/, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; 5 Biodiversity Research Institute UB, Departament Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; 6 not provided, Gabelsbergerstraße 2, Hannover, Germany; 7 CURCULIO Institute e.V., Mönchengladbach, Germany; 8 Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

Corresponding author(s): Paulo Alexandre Vieira Borges (pborges@uac.pt)Rosalina GabrielCésar M. M. PimentelMariana R. BritoArtur Raposo Moniz SerranoLuís Carlos Fonseca CrespoVolker AssingPeter StübenSimone FattoriniEnésima P. MendonçaElisabete Nogueira

Received {date}; Revised {date}; Accepted {date}; Published {date}

Citation: Combination of authors, year of data paper publication (in parentheses), Title, Journal Name, Volume, Issue number (in parentheses), and doi of the data paper.

Resource Citation

Vieira Borges P A, Gabriel R, M. Pimentel C M, Brito M R, Moniz Serrano A R, Fonseca Crespo L C, Assing V, Stüben P, Fattorini S, Mendonça E P, Nogueira E (2018): Arthropods from Praia da Vitória (Terceira, Azores, Portugal). v1. Universidade dos Açores. Dataset/Samplingevent. http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=arthrop_pv_ter_az&amp;v=1.0

Abstract

During a LIFE project dedicated to the implementation of the conservation of the habitats and restoration of  coastal wet areas of Praia da Vitória (Terceira, Azores, Portugal), there was the opportunity to study several groups of arthropods in three wet areas: Paul da Praia da Vitória (PPV), Paul do Belo Jardim (PBJ) and Paul da Pedreira do Cabo da Praia (PPCP). The objective of the study was to perform a rapid biodiversity assessment, comparing the three sites in two different years, before and after the implantation of several conservation measures. This project contributed also to improve the knowledge of Azorean arthropod diversity at both local and regional scales also including new taxa for Terceira island and new records for Azores. Taking into consideration those aims, a set of standardised sampling methods were performed inspired by the COBRA protocol originally developed for spiders.

A total of 15,810 specimens belonging to 216 arthropod species and subspecies were collected. Beetles (Insecta, Coleoptera) and spiders (Araneae) dominate, with 81 and 51 taxa respectively. Two beetle families dominate, Staphylinidae and Curculionidae with respectively 22 and 17 species and subspecies. Exotic species also dominate with 131 species and subspecies, the Azorean endemic taxa being restricted to only eight taxa. The remaining 77 species and subspecies are native non-endemic. A total of six species are novel for the Azores (five exotic and one possibly native) and an additional 15 taxa are novel for Terceira island (9 exotic and 6 native).

Keywords: Sampling event, Arthropoda, Azores, Terceira Island, coastal area, standardized sampling

Project details

Project title: The inventory of selected groups of terrestrial arthropods in three coastal wetlands from Terceira Island (Azores)
Personnel: Paulo Alexandre Vieira Borges
Funding: This study was financed by the project LIFE CWR – Ecological Restoration and Conservation of Praia da Vitória Coastal Wet Green Infrastructure (2013-2018).
Study area descriptions/descriptor: Terceira Island is known for the presence of some very important pristine areas at high elevation (Gaspar et al. 2011). However, few natural areas still remain at lower elevations, notably in Praia da Vitória’s council. Three wet areas, Paul da Praia da Vitória (PPV), Paul do Belo Jardim (PBJ) and Paul da Pedreira do Cabo da Praia (PPCP) were studied in this project. Coastal vegetation dominates, namely Juncus acutus, and still includes some arboreal cover by the native shrub Morella faya. The Erica-Morella coastal woodlands as described in Elias et al. 2016 are not present and the exotic invasive species Arundo donax is very common.
The PPV was a large coastal salty marshland with associated dunes, which was largely transformed and reduced for urban development and underwent several dynamic changes in the last 500 years of human occupation. After some major work performed between 2006 and 2010, PPV is currently characterized by a large waterbody with islands of Juncus acutus isolated by channels.  PBJ was originally one of the largest dune areas from the Azores, but after the construction of the Paria da Vitória Harbor was reduced to a very small wet area, with a dune covered partially by J. acutus. Of particular relevance is the presence of a small stream adding some diversity of vegetation and arthropods. The case of PPCP is completely different, since this is a recently created wetland, resulting from the removal of large amounts of stones for the construction of the Praia da Vitória harbor, around 1980. As a consequence a new ecosystem was created, the quarry of Cabo da Praia.

Design description: In each of the three wet areas, transects were setup to allow the sampling of epigean arthropods in the main habitats.
In PPV three main transects were setup: i) PPV200 (Paul da Praia Vitória - Margins) that covers the main margins of the water bodies; ii) PPV201 (Paul da Praia Vitória - Island) that covers some of the isolated islands; iii) PPV205 (Paul da Praia Vitória - Cerrado São Lazaro) to sample an historical locality with a high divresity of ground-beetle species ( Borges 1995 ; Borges et al. 2017 ).
In PBJ two transects were setup: i) PBJ-T203 (Paul do Belo Jardim - Margins), which was located throughout the plants; ii) PBJ-T204 (Paul do Belo Jardim - Stream), which was setup in a small stream.
In PPCP only one transect was setup, PPCP-T202 (Paul da Pedreira do Cabo da Praia - Margins), which covers the main margins of the water.
The beating and sweeping samples were conducted both during the day and night and were performed walking randomly in the sites.

Data published through GBIF: http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=arthrop_pv_ter_az

Taxonomic coverage

General taxonomic coverage description: Arthropods including Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Arachnida (Opiliones; Pseudoscorpiones; Araneae) and Hexapoda (Microcoryphia; Zygentoma; Odonata; Orthoptera; Phasmatodea; Dermaptera; Psocoptera; Hemiptera; Thysanoptera; Neuroptera; Coleoptera; Lepidoptera; Hymenoptera -Formicidae)
Taxonomic ranks
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida, Insecta

Spatial coverage

General spatial coverage: Terceira Island (area: 400.6 km²; elevation: 1,021.14 m) is one of the nine islands from the Azores archipelago, located in the North Atlantic, roughly at 38°43′49″N 27°19′10″W. The climate in the Azores is temperate oceanic, with regular and abundant rainfall, with high levels of relative humidity and persistent winds, mainly during the winter and autumn seasons.
Terceira Island is known for the presence of some very important pristine areas at high elevation (Gaspar et al. 2011). However, few natural areas still remain at lower elevations, notably in Praia da Vitória’s council. Three wet areas, Paul da Praia da Vitória (PPV), Paul do Belo Jardim (PBJ) and Paul da Pedreira do Cabo da Praia (PPCP) were studied in this project. Coastal vegetation dominates, namely Juncus acutus, and still includes some arboreal cover by the native shrub Morella faya. The Erica-Morella coastal woodlands as described in Elias et al. 2016 are not present and the exotic invasive species Arundo donax is very common.
The PPV was a large coastal salty marshland with associated dunes, which was largely transformed and reduced for urban development and underwent several dynamic changes in the last 500 years of human occupation. After some major work performed between 2006 and 2010, PPV is currently characterized by a large waterbody with islands of Juncus acutus isolated by channels.  PBJ was originally one of the largest dune areas from the Azores, but after the construction of the Paria da Vitória Harbor was reduced to a very small wet area, with a dune covered partially by J. acutus. Of particular relevance is the presence of a small stream adding some diversity of vegetation and arthropods. The case of PPCP is completely different, since this is a recently created wetland, resulting from the removal of large amounts of stones for the construction of the Praia da Vitória harbor, around 1980. As a consequence a new ecosystem was created, the quarry of Cabo da Praia.

Coordinates: 38°42'5.72''N and 38°47'10.34''N Latitude; 27°8'20.32''W and 27°2'16.94''W Longitude 

Temporal coverage: June 21, 2016 - March 10, 2017

Natural collections description

Collection name: Dalberto Teixeira Pombo insect collection at the University of Azores.
Specimen preservation method: Alcohol

Methods

Method step description: 
- . 	(1) for arthropod orders for which there was taxonomic expertise, one of us (CP) performed morphospecies sorting using a parataxonomy approach (see Oliver and Beattie 1993) with a reference collection
- . 	(2) a trained taxonomist (PAVB) corrected all the splitting and lumping errors and identified most of the species
- . 	3) the morphospecies for which it was not possible a correct identification were sent to experts for identification
Study extent description: This study covers a small coastal area with 5 km extension between PPV and PPCP
Sampling description: In each site, arthropods were sampled during summers of 2016 and 2017 using a combination of standardized methods inspired by the COBRA protocol ( Cardoso 2009 ): 
-Nocturnal active aerial searching (AAS) – Four samples were obtained by four trained collectors (Paulo Borges, Mariana Brito, Rosalina Gabriel, César Pimentel) targeting active arthropods found above knee-level by hand, forceps, pooter or brush, immediately transferring them into vials containing alcohol. All the time spent in searching (one hour per researcher) was accounted for.
-Foliage Beating (FB) – During day time ten samples of each main tree or brush were sampled. A 110 cm × 80 cm sheet with a frame was used as a drop-cloth (beating tray) and a wooden pole of at least 1.5 m was used to beat tree branches, as high as possible. The plants selected were: and in PPV and PPCP, and and in PBJ. In 2017, in addition, two samples during night (FSN) were obtained (one hour each sample covering several plants).
-Foliage sweeping (FS): – A round sweep net with an opening diameter of 46 cm was used to sweep bushes and tall herbs. All time spent sweeping or searching for dislodged arthropods was accounted for. Two samples during day time (FSD) were obtained (one hour each samples). In 2017, in addition, two samples during night (FSN) were obtained (one hour each sample).
-Pitfall (PIT) – Pitfall traps (4.2 cm wide at the top, and approximately 7.2 cm deep) were placed immediately outside the perimeter of each lake, spaced 10 meters. Traps were filled with 3 – 4 cm of 100% propylene glycol and left in the field for seven days. Traps were protected from predation, inundation with rain water, and unwanted vertebrate capture by using plates sitting on stilts 2 cm above the ground surface. In PBJ two transects were performed with 30 traps in the main transect and 15 traps in a secondary transect covering a small stream. In PPV and PPCP single transects of 30 traps each were setup in the margins of water bodies. In PPV half of the traps were in the margins of the largest “island”. In 1017 additional traps were setup in Cerrado São Lazaro (PPV205 Paul da Praia Vitória).
For each site a total of four samples of AAS, 20 samples of FB, two samples of FS and 30 main samples of PIT were obtained, totaling 56 samples per site and an overall 168 samples in 2017. Still in 2017, additional pitfall traps in PBJ small stream added 15 more samples totalling 183 samples. The main 56 samples per site included the sampling of two main sub-habitats, the aerial vegetation with 26 samples (20 beatings during the day, two sweeps during the day and four nigh aerial searches) and the ground habitat with 30 pitfall samples.
In 2017 the additional samples made during the night added four samples for each site, totalling 60 samples per site.
Quality control description: The correct identification of the sampled taxa is crucial. Taxonomic nomenclature followed the Borges et al. 2010 checklist.

Datasets

Dataset description
Object name: Darwin Core Archive Arthropods from Praia da Vitória (Terceira, Azores, Portugal)
Character encoding: UTF-8
Format name: Darwin Core Archive format
Format version: 1.0
Distribution: http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/archive.do?r=arthrop_pv_ter_az
Publication date of data: 2018-06-05
Language: English
Licences of use: Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License

Metadata language: English
Date of metadata creation: 2018-05-27
Hierarchy level: Dataset

References
Borges P, Costa A, Cunha R, Gabriel R, Gonçalves V, Martins A, Melo I, Parente M, Raposeiro P, Rodrigues P, Santos R, Silva L, Vieira P, Vieira V (Eds) (2010)
A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. 1st. Princípia, Cascais, 432 pp.  http://www.azoresbioportal.angra.uac.pt/files/noticias_Listagem_ml.pdf